Enmity among the roses

In 1806 Adam Paul moved from Scotland to Hertfordshire and established the nursery firm of Adam Paul and Sons in Cheshunt. He had two sons, George and his younger brother William (1822-1905). Adam Paul died in 1847 and the sons took over the business. This family partnership seems to have become rocky, as thirteen years later (1860) a split occurred and William set up on his own. He established a rival rose nursery, William Paul and Son, a mere spitting distance away in Waltham Cross.

William (see picture left) had made a name for himself by publishing (at the age of 26) his book "The Rose Garden" which proved a success and went through many editions. His brother George drew less notice and by the 1870s his son George Jr (1841-1921) was running the original nursery in Cheshunt, now called Paul and Son.

There was no love to be lost between the two branches of the family (and their two rival nurseries). This is evident from an ugly spat that played out in the pages of the Gardeners' Chronicle (GC) in 1874.

The facts of the matter are as follows: in July 1874 William Paul made an extraordinary exhibit for the gardens of the Royal Botanic Society. Instead of the usual exhibits of a few perfect prize blooms, William Paul decided to make a massed display of 8000 trusses of bloom - a veritable extravaganza. The GC ran an editorial praising the effort, which had evidently caused a buzz in the staid rose exhibition circles. All this praise being heaped on his uncle was too much for George Paul who wrote a deprecatory letter to the GC.

William Paul replied in the pages of the GC with ill concealed annoyance. "I think I ought to answer the letter of my nephew which appeared in "The Gardeners' Chronicle" of last week, as it seems to me calculated to depreciate what I consider one of my most successful efforts." The editor allowed this back-and-forth to continue in the letters pages of several issues. Most of the points that were argued so hotly concern the philosophy and minutiae of Victorian rose exhibiting, details that seem amazingly arcane today. For example George Paul argues that rose exhibitions have "high educational purposes" in illustrating to the masses the perfect bloom achieved by experts. Massed trusses of bloom, George implies, are mere sensationalism.

This seems to have particularly annoyed uncle William, who fired back:

"It is amusing to find Mr George Paul claiming for himself and colleagues the merit of teaching amateurs by exhibiting, and pluming himself on the 'proofs' (?) that they 'have not taught in vain.' Where are the 'proofs?'"

Which all goes to show that even the loveliest of roses can have sharp thorns.

The Rose Library of William Paul

In William Paul's book "The Rose Garden", first published in 1848, Paul lists in an appendix the rose books that he has in his library. This is of some interest as a compendium of the 19th century rose literature. It is also of interest in giving some insight into the works that formed Paul's view of roses. It is reproduced here from the 10th edition of 1903. He appears to have been an avid book collector and by all account had a wide-ranging collection that extended far beyond roses. Paul died in 1905 and his magnificent library was sold at Sotheby's. According to the "Dictionary of National Biography" many of these volumes were bought by his son, Arthur William Paul. [See more on William Paul].

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APPENDIX

WORKS ON THE ROSE.

With Date of Publication and Authors Name where accessible.

• Various Publications on Agriculture and Gardening, including the Rose, up to 1796.
• 1796-7. A Collection of Roses from Nature Miss LAWRENCE.
• 1800. Histoire Naturelle de la Rose GUILLEMEAU.
• 1805. Roses, 2 vols H. C. ANDREWS.
• 1808. Tighe's Plants (Canto I., The Rose) WILLIAM TIGHE.
• 1811. De la Culture du Rosier M. LELEUR.
• 1816. A Synopsis of the British Species of Roses JOSEPH WOODS, F.L.S.
• 1817. Les Roses P. J. REDOUTE, la texte par CL. ANT. THORY.
• 1817. Rosa Redutea C. A. THORY.
• 1818. Bibliotheca Botanica Rosarum C. A. THORY.
• 1818. Nomenclature Raisonnée des espèces, varietés et sous-varietés du Genre Rosier M. AUG. DE PRONVILLE.
• 1820. Histoire des Roses MALO.
• 1820. Rosarum Monographia (coloured plates) JOHN LINDLEY, F.L.S.
• 1820. Do. do. (plain) do.
• 1820. Observations sur la Nomenclature et le Classement des Roses J. P. VlBERT.
• 1822. Sommaire d'une Monographie du Genre Rosier M. DE PRONVILLE.
• 1823. Tracts on Roses VARIOUS.
• 1824. Observations sur la Nomenclature et le Classement des Roses J. P. VIBERT.
• 1826. Do. do.
• 1824. Essai sur les Roses J. P. VIBERT.
• 1826. Do. Do.
• 1824. Les Roses. 3 Vols Peintes par P. J. REDOUTE. Descrites par C. A. THORY.
• 1824. Memoir of the Rose No name.
• 1824. Notice sur un nouveau genre de plantes Hulthemia : précédée d'un aperçu sur la classification des Roses B. C. DUMORTIER.
• 1828. The Tree Rose No name.
• 1829. Cowper's Rose Bushes J. F.
• 1829. Catalogue Descriptif du Genre Rosier PREVOST fils.
• 1836. Manuel Complet de l'Amateur des Roses M. BOITARD.
• 1837. The Rose Amateur's Guide T. RIVERS junior.
• 1840. Do. do. 2nd Edition do.
• 1846. Do. do. 4th do. do.
• 1857. Do. do. 6th do. do.
• 1838. The Rose Fancier's Manual Mrs GORE.
• 1843-92. Contributions to Horticultural Literature WILLIAM PAUL.
• 1844. The Rose J.L.A. LOISELEUR DESLONGCHAMPS.
• 1844-1900. Roses in Pots (Eight Editions) WILLIAM PAUL.
• Do. French and German Editions do.
• Do. Spanish Edition do.
• 1847. The Tree Rose A. H. B.
• 1847. The Rose Manual ROBERT BUIST.
• 1848. The Rose Garden WILLIAM PAUL, F.L.S.
• Do. 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th Editions do.
• 1849. Morning Rambles in the Rose Gardens of Hertfordshire WILLIAM PAUL.
• 1853. Supplement to the Rose Garden do.
• 1853. Beauties of the Rose. 2 Vols HENRY CURTIS.
• 1855. The Rose Garden (W. Paul) translated into Danish SKJOLDAGER.
• 1857. Cultural Directions for the Rose JOHN CRANSTON.
• 1858 to 1862. The Rose Annual, 1st Series WILLIAM PAUL.
• 1877 to 1881. Do. 2nd do. do.
• 1862. The Amateur's Rosarium Rev. R. WODROW THOMSON.
• No date. Choix des Plus Belles Roses. Folio. 60 Plates No name.
• No date. An Essay on the Mythological and Symbolical History of the Rose, from the German C. W.
• No date. Les Roses M. LE D. ROESSIG.
• 1864. La Taille du Rosier EUGENE FORNEY.
• 1866. Nestel's Rosengarten NESTEL.
• 1867. Les Roses de la Flore Belge. DU MORTIER.
• 1869-82. Matériaux pour servir à l'Histoire des Roses CRÉPIN.
• 1873. Les Roses H. JAMAIN ET EUGENE FORNEY.
• 1874. A Book about Roses, 5th Edition The REV. S. R. HOLE.
• 1874. Le Rosier, Culture et Multiplication J. LACHAUME.
• 1874-1900. Roses and Rose Culture (Nine Editions) WILLIAM PAUL, F.L.S.
• 1874. The Amateur's Rose Book SHIRLEY HIBBERD.
• 1875. Cultural Directions for the Rose, 5th Edition JOHN CRANSTON.
• 1877-1903. Journal des Roses COCHET.
• 1878. Roses and their Culture W. D. PRIOR.
• No date. Rose Growing for Amateurs do.
• 1877-1902. The Rosarian's Year Book, various years edited by The REV. H. H. DOMBRAIN.
• 1879. Les Roses des Alpes Maritimes BURNAT ET GREMLI.
• 1879. The Time of Roses in “Time” REV. CANON HOLE.
• 1882. The Rose H. B. ELLWANGER.
• 1883. Parsons on the Rose SAMUEL B. PARSONS.
• 1883. Rangliste der Edelsten Rosen FREIDRICH SCHNEIDER II.
• 1883-97. Waltham Cross Roses WILLIAM PAUL.
• 1884. &c. National Rose Society's Catalogues and other Publications -
• 1885. A Classification of Garden Roses J. G. BAKER, F.R.S.
• 1885. Dictionnaire des Roses MAX SINGER.
• 1885. Ros Rosarum E. V. B.
• 1887. Quarterly Review. October, “Roses The Rose Amateur's Guide, &c.” -
• 1887. Roses for Amateurs D'OMBRAIN.
• 1887. Rose Growing GlLMOUR.
• 1888. Tracts on Roses VARIOUS.
• 1889. Practical Rose Growing HARKNESS.
• 1889. On Roses, with letter LORD PENZANCE.
• 1891. Nouvelle Classification des Roses CRÉPIN.
• 1892. La Rose dans l'Antiquité JORET.
• 1892. Bibliografia de la Rosa VERGARA.
• 1894. Rhodologia SAWER.
• 1895. Calendrier du Rosiériste PETIT-COQ.
• 1895. Quarterly Review, July, “Ancient Rose Growers.” -
• 1896. Dictionnaire de la Rose BELMONT.
• 1897. Les Rosiers COCHET ET MOTTET.
• 1898. Roses at Cannes LORD BROUGHAM AND VAUX.
• 1899. Les Noms de Roses SIMON ET COCHET.
• 1899. My Roses MILMAN.
• 1900. Roseraie de l'Hay GRAVEREAUX.
• 1902. The Book of the Rose FOSTER-MELLIAR.
• 1902. Les Roses de l'Hay MEURIET.
• 1902. Roses for English Gardens JEKYLL AND MAWLEY.
• No date. The Art of Growing Roses FISHER.

The above are in the Author's Library at Waltham House, Waltham Cross, and others are being added from time to time.

The best roses for the wild garden

"I know a bank where the wild thyme blows,

Where oxlips and the nodding violet grows,

Quite overcanopied with luscious woodbine,

With sweet musk-roses, and with eglantine:

There sleeps Titania sometime of the night,

Lulled in these flowers with dances and delight"

This is Shakespeare's vision of a 'wild garden' in "A Midsummer Night's Dream". However, the art of gardening spent the next two and a half centuries perfecting not wildness but artifice in the garden, which reached its apogee with the mass bedding systems of the the mid-Victorians. At least, that is, until 1870 when a bombshell hit. The 32 year old William Robinson published "The Wild Garden" in which he argued strongly for more naturalistic gardening and against mass bedding.

The book found friends in two great Rosarians, Dean Hole and Gertrude Jekyll. Gertrude Jekyll herself created a wonderful wild garden in a garden she designed for Charles Holm at Upton Grey Manor House. In this garden, recently restored, mown grass paths wander through longer grass meadow set about, inter alia, by mounds of rambling roses.

The new vision came at a critical time for roses. First, many of the old single cottage garden roses, such as the alba roses and the scotch briars were in danger of being lost from sight in the welter of sumptuous Victorian hybrids, including the new tea roses. Gertrude Jekyll was a champion of the old cottage roses and the informality of the the wild garden was a good setting for them - in a way that the formal rose garden was not.

Secondly, breeders were raising new hybrids using the newly discovered rambling roses from the far east, like Rosa multiflora and Rosa wichuraiana, These wonderful new ramblers were vigorous and unruly and although they could find a place in the formal rose garden on pergolas and pillars their exuberance was difficult to keep in check. On the other hand when left to clamber naturalistically over potting sheds, old stumps and into apple trees, they were superb.

At Upton Grey Miss Jekyll uses the following: the old cottage favourite "Maiden's Blush" (an old alba), the Ayrshire rose "Dundee Rambler" (of 1850), and one of its parents, Rosa arvensis; other species roses, R. virginiana and R. glauca (rubrifolia); the wichuraiana hybrid Jersey Beauty (of 1899); the moschata hybrids "The Garland" (of 1835) and "Mme d'Arblay" (of 1835); multifloras were represented by "Dorothy Perkins" (of 1901), "Euphrosyne" (of 1895), and "Blush Rambler" (of 1903). All these roses are pale and understated in colour, with small flowers that are often (but not always) single.

WHAT ARE THE REQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS FOR A ROSE IN THE WILD GARDEN?

(1) Vigour and hardiness. They need to hold their own against vigorous neighbours, as shrubs in long grass or against tall herbs or other shrubs. Timid roses will not survive. As they will not receive the manuring and mulching that a formal bed rose would expect, they must be thrifty and capable of surveying on poor soil without attention. They must also not require pruning, but instead be allowed to grow into their naturally elegant forms.

Most of their qualities can be found in the wild roses, which have the advantage of being single and therefore looking the part. The qualities are also found in hybrids that are one step away from the wild roses, such as the creamy Alberic Barbier (R. wichuraiana X "Shirley Hibbard"). However, if these are too double, or their blooms too large, they start to look out of place in the wild garden.

(2) Size. Small roses can be inspected up close in a formal bed. Roses in the wild garden must signal their charms across a meadow or from the depths of a thicket. A small rose will not do, unless it is used by paths as a transition between the formal and less formal parts of the garden: some of the old scotch briars would be perfect for this.

Rambling roses, particularly the larger ones, will happily reach a good size to hold their own, whether grown without support to form large mounds, or whether they are allowed to scramble into a tree. The larger shrub roses (over 2 m) can also be used, particularly if they don't straggle but form large thick bushes with elegant arching stems. They all need to be highly floriferous to attract attention. They do not necessarily need to repeat bloom (continuous flower is not the hallmark of the wild garden) but they must be spectacular when they do bloom, otherwise they will be lost in the landscape.

(3) Colour. They should have muted natural colours. Most wild roses have white or pale pink colours. The garish palette of modern roses would look out of place in the wild garden - however lovely they might be in the formal garden. Miss Jekyll favoured white for the wild garden (allowing, at a pinch, blush pink or pale buff), and this is the safe option.

Today our colour aesthetic has been dulled by a continuous barrage of digital colour of hues undreamt of by the Victorians. Consequently the Jekyll palette might seem too exquisite, too restrained, and we may wish to experiment with brighter colours. The red of R. moyesii is natural, and reds are a fairly safe bet as they are the colour opposite of green (by its nature the dominant colour of the wild garden). The bright scarlet of the large shrub Scharlachglut is hypernatural but might even so be a striking focal point in the wild garden.

Yellow, on the other hand, is a difficult (perhaps impossible) colour for the wild garden as it is too close to green and will tend to look sickly against a green background. However, in case someone wants to experiment in interesting ways I have suggested the large shrub "Maigold". Most riskily of all, I have suggested (purely for experimental purposes) the cerise pink shrub "Cerise Bouquet". It has the vigour and height to form a sturdy, tall mound as a focal point, but could its colour be used successfully in the wild garden? Probably not.

My suggestions are below.

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SUGGESTED ROSE LIST FOR THE WILD GARDEN

ALBA ROSES (R. canina x R. gallica)

R. x alba 'Maxima'

R. x alba 'Semiplena'

R. x alba 'Great Maiden's Blush' (blush pink double)

R. x alba 'Celeste'

AYRSHIRE ROSES (R. arvensis x R. sempervirens)

'Bennett's seedling'

'Dundee rambler'

'Splendens'

MUSK RAMBLERS (R. moschata and R. multiflora x R. moschata)

R. moschata (species)

'The Garland'

'Mme d'Arblay'

'Paul's Himalayan Musk'

'Francis E. Lester'

MULTIFLORA RAMBLERS (Rosa multiflora cvs/hybrids)

'Euphrosyne'

'Blush Rambler'

'Rambling Rector'

'Seven Sisters' Rose' (Rosa multiflora platyphylla)

CANINA ROSES

R. canina 'Kiese'

R. canina 'Abbotswood'

'Complicata' (R. gallica x R. canina)

EGLANTERIA ROSES AND HYBRIDS

Greenmantle

Lord Penzance

Anne of Geierstein

SPINOSSISIMA HYBRIDS

Fruhlingsanfang

Fruhlingsmorgen

SPECIES ROSES (and their double/semi-double cultivars)

R. arvensis

R. virginiana

R. virginiana 'Rose d'Amour' (R. virginiana 'Plena')

R. glauca (rubrifolia)

R. soulieana

R. moyesii (and cvs, such as 'Eddie's Jewel')

R. macrantha

R. sweginzowii macrocarpa

LARGE SPECIES CLIMBERS

R. filipes 'Kiftsgate'

R. mulliganii

R. brunonii

WICHURAIANA RAMBLERS

Dorothy Perkins

Jersey Beauty (R. wichuraiana x 'Perle des Jardins')

Alberic Barbier (R. wichuraiana x 'Shirley Hibbard')

MORE MODERN VARIETIES

William Baffin

Cerise Bouquet

New Dawn

Maigold

Scharlachglut

The wonderful Grootendorsts

Of the roses with Rosa rugosa parentage the Grootendorst roses are among the most gardenworthy. They bear copious trusses of very small flowers and the petals have an interesting crimped edge giving them a carnation look.

The most commonly seen is "Pink Grootendorst" with deep pink flowers. This is a sport from the original rose, the red "F.J. Grootendorst" (illustrated here). Pink Grootendorst has a tendency to sport back to F.J. Grootendorst and the occasional red or parti-coloured flower may be found on old bushes. A white sport (unsurprisingly named "White Grootendorst") was introduced more recently (in the 1960s).

However, the best of all, at least in colour, is "Grootendorst Supreme", a darker red sport of F.J. that has sumptuous, richly-coloured flowers. Unaccountably this variety is the least often seen, mainly because of its reputation to be less vigorous than F.J.

The Grootendorsts are easy to grow, very hardy (inheriting from their rugosa parent the ability to withstand zone 4 or even 3). They need no pruning and are long-lived, flowering year after year with little attention. These roses give some of the greatest reward for the least trouble.

Something of a mystery attends the origin of these roses. There is agreement that the original F.J. is a result of a cross between R. rugosa x "Mme. Norbert Levavasseur". It is usually attributed to the European rose breeder de Goey (in 1918). However, the great North American breeder Frank Skinner (of whom I have written elsewhere) claimed to have raised this plant from the same cross in 1908. He sent plants abroad only to have them return to Canada much later without being attributed to their original source. Is it possible that there were two separate origins from the same cross?

Rose colours and the growth of perception

Miss Jekyll had a highly developed aesthetic sense and in a world in which ugliness abounds (and is even celebrated) it is of interest to examine this. Do people behave differently when they are continuously exposed to a background environment of great beauty, compared to one of great ugliness? One would like to think so, and this will have great relevance in our present society.

No-one doubts that Florence is a beautiful city. So beautiful indeed that Stendhal fell ill as the first victim of Stendhal syndrome: dizzyness and heart palpitations caused by exposure to an overwhelming amount of beauty. Many modern cities constitute the largest concentrations of sheer ugliness ever placed on the surface of the earth: what is the opposite of Stendhal syndrome? Do we all suffer?

We have little control over the ugliness that others force on us but we can control that which we make ourselves. Miss Jekyll suggests a start can be made in a "growth of perception" by choosing roses for an arrangement in a vase. [Ch. 15].

"It is always well to have two or three of the same range of colouring, with perhaps one harmonious departure… The same suggestion will be found of use in arranging them in beds, for a jarring mixture, such as one of the orange-copper Hybrid Teas, with kinds of cool pink and white, will have an unsatisfactory effect. Both may be lovely things, but they should not be placed together."

Miss Jekyll notes that appreciating the harmonious in colour contrasts is a developed skill, requiring a "growth of perception". She puts it thus;

"But to learn to observe this—first of all to see that it makes a difference, then to become aware that it might be better, and finally to be distinctly vexed with an inharmonious combination, these are all stages in growth of perception that should be gone through in the training of the Rose enthusiast's mind and eye."

The process of the growth of perception can begin with sorting cut roses on a lawn:

"It is best and easiest to learn to do this with the cut flowers, and a pleasant task it is to have a quantity of mixed cut Roses and to lay them together in beautiful harmonies—best, perhaps, in some cool, shady place upon the grass—and then to observe what two or three, or three or four kinds, go best together, and to note it for further planting or indoor arrangement. Then, as an example of what is unsuitable, try a Captain Christy and a Madame Eugene Resal together, and see how two beautiful Roses can hurt each other by incompatibility of kind and colour."

Contents and Index for Gertrude Jekyll's "Roses for English Gardens"

• PREFACE
• Preface of "Roses for English Gardens"
• CHAPTER I: NEW GARDEN ROSES
• • Sweet Briars (Rosa rubiginosa) and the Penzance hy...
  • Some new tea roses and overlooked species roses fo...
  • The rugosa roses (Rosa rugosa)
  • The wichuriana [wichuraiana] roses (Rosa wichuriana hybrids)
  • Dwarf polyantha roses (Pompom roses)
  • Multiflora (Polyantha) roses (Rosa multiflora and ...
  • Turner's Crimson Rambler
  • New Roses of the late Victorian era
• CHAPTER II: OLD GARDEN ROSES
• • A list of the best Old Garden Roses
  • Old Garden roses - Fortune's Yellow and certain ot...
  • Old Garden roses - the Banksian Roses and the Chin...
  • Old Garden roses - Rosa alpina and Rosa arvensis
  • Old Garden roses - Rosa alba
  • Old Garden Roses - Rosa cinnamomea (the Whitsuntid...
  • Old Garden roses - The damask rose
  • Old Garden roses - The cabbage or Provence Rose (R...
• CHAPTER III: THE BRIER ROSES
• • The brier roses - Austrian briars
  • The brier roses - Origin of the Scotch briars; the...
  • The brier roses - Use of the Scotch Briers
  • The brier roses - Rosa altaica
• CHAPTER IV: POMPON ROSES
• • Types of pompom rose (old fashioned miniature rose...
  • Use of the pompom roses (old fashioned miniature r...
• CHAPTER V: SOME OF THE ROSE SPECIES AS GARDEN ROSES
• • Types of wild rose for the garden
  • The origin of Garden roses from wild species
• CHAPTER VI: ROSES ON THEIR OWN ROOTS
• Free growing roses on their own roots
• CHAPTER VII: ROSE PILLARS
• • The best pillar roses (of 1902)
  • The rose umbrella - a method of rose training "dam...
  • Wide rose pillars and balloon training of roses
  • Rose pillars
• CHAPTER VIII: THE PERGOLA
• • The construction of the rose pergola
  • The rose pergola in Garden design
• CHAPTER IX: ROSE ARCHES AND ARBOURS
• Rose arches and arbours
• CHAPTER X: ROSE SCREENS, HEDGES, AND TRELLISES
• • Rose hedges
  • Rose screens and trellises
• CHAPTER XI: ROSES AS FOUNTAINS AND GROWING FREE
• • Roses in trees and free growing
  • Roses as fountains
• CHAPTER XII: ROSES ON WALLS AND HOUSES
• • Roses for garden walls
  • Roses on houses
• CHAPTER XIII: ROSES FOR CONVERTING UGLINESS TO BEAUTY
• Roses for converting ugliness to beauty
• CHAPTER XIV: ROSE GARDENS
• • The ideal rose garden
  • The rose garden
• CHAPTER XV: ROSES AS CUT FLOWERS
• • Roses as cut flowers -colour harmony
  • Roses as cut flowers - cutting and arranging
• CHAPTER XVI: ROSES IN ENGLISH GARDENS ON THE RIVIERA
• • Roses for Riviera Gardens - more favourites
  • Roses for Riviera Gardens - a list of the finest
  • Roses for Riviera Gardens - general remarks
• ----
• PART II
• CHAPTER XVII: PLANTING ROSES
• • Rose planting - the actual planting
  • Rose planting - heeling in
  • Rose planting - preparation of the rose bed
  • Rose planting - site requirements
• CHAPTER XVIII: PRUNING ROSES
• • Rose pruning - varieties requiring little pruning ...
  • Rose pruning - varieties requiring close pruning (...
  • Rose pruning - general remarks
• CHAPTER XIX: PROPAGATION OF ROSES
• • Propagation of Roses by cuttings
  • Propagation of Roses by budding
  • Propagation of Roses - rose stocks for budding
• CHAPTER XX: THE ENEMIES OF THE ROSE
• • Enemies of the Rose - fungus (mildew, rust)
  • Enemies of the Rose - insect pests (greenfly etc.)...
  • Enemies of the Rose - frost and drought
• CHAPTER XXI: EXHIBITING ROSES
• • Roses for exhibition - at the exhibition
  • Roses for exhibition - management of the blooms
  • Roses for exhibition - manuring
  • Roses for exhibition - techniques of cultivation
• CHAPTER XXII: ROSES UNDER GLASS
• • Greenhouse Roses - climbing roses under glass
  • Greenhouse Roses - roses in greenhouse beds
  • Greenhouse Roses - forcing roses for winter flower...
  • Greenhouse Roses - Summer treatment and repotting
  • Greenhouse Roses - pests of roses under glass
  • Greenhouse Roses - roses in pots
• CHAPTER XXIII: SOME LISTS OF THE BEST ROSES FOR VARIOUS USES
• • Full list: Best roses now in cultivation (1902)
  • Best climbing roses (1902)
  • Best roses for greenhouse cultivation (1902)
  • Best garden or decorative roses (1902)
  • Best roses for exhibition (1902)
•